Symmetry-adapted orbitals. Mixing rules and buildup approach to molecules and molecular complexes. Energy surface for bond breaking and making. Kinetic vs thermodynamic control, Curtin-Hammett principle, Hammond Postulate Reactive intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, benzyne. Empirical scales for electronic, steric, and solvent effects. Mechanism according to free-energy correlation and correpondence with theory of orbital interaction. Illustrative examples. Linear free energy relationship, Hammett and Taft equations

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