Heterocyclics and their importance. Nomenclature, structure, reactivity and synthesis of reduced 3-6 membered O, N and S-containing heterocycles. Aromatic heterocycles, heterocycles containing multiple heteroatoms, modern methods of heterocycle synthesis using organometallic reagents, e.g. C-H activation, olefin metathesis, click chemistry etc. Synthesis of selected heterocylic natural products.

Classification, structure, chemistry and biogenesis of some important mono, sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids.  Sterols and bile acids, estrogens, androgens, gestogens and adrenocortical hormones. Hormone production. Cardiac glycosides. Steroidal triterpenes. Biogenesis of steroids and correlation with terpenoids. Structure, characteristic reactions and general methods of degradation of alkaloids. Total synthesis of selected alkaloids. Natural Pigments such as flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, xanthones, quinones, pterins, chlorophyll and haemin. Structure and stereochemistry of carbohydrates, deoxy and aminosugars, hexonic acid and vitamin C, disaccharides, polysaccharides, inositol. gangliosides and other glycosides. Chemistry of vitamins A,B, C and E.

1. G. W. Gribble, Topics in Heterocycles Chemistry, Spinger-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

2. J. Alwarez-Builla, J. J. Vaquero and J. Barluenga, Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry, 4 Volume Set, Wiley, 2011.

3. A. R. Katritzky and A. F. Pozharskii, Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Elservier, 2000.

4. T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, The Chemistry of Heterocycles, Wiley-VCH, 2003.

5. S. V. Bhat, B. A. Nagasampagi and M. Sivakumar, Chemistry of Natural Products, Springer-Narosa, 2005.

6. J. A. Joule, K. Mills, G. F. Smith, Heterocyclic chemistry, 3rd Edition, Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd, 1995.

7. K. C. Majumdar and S. K. Chattopadhyay (Eds), Heterocycles in Natural Product Synthesis, Wiley-VCH, 2011.