UV-Vis spectroscopy: Beer-Lambert’s Law, types of transitions, factors affecting the position and intensity of bands, calculation of absorption maxima by Woodward-Fieser Rules.

IR spectroscopy: Different modes of vibrations, types of bands and their combination, vibrational coupling, factors affecting vibrational frequency, characteristic frequencies of various functional groups.

NMR spectroscopy: Basic theory, magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, Larmor/Bloch equation, relaxation phenomena, Boltzmann equilibrium, instrumentation, chemical shift, factors affecting chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, factors affecting coupling, Karplus equation, first order and complex spectra, simplification of complex spectra: spin decoupling, Lanthanide shift reagents. Heteronuclear coupling, DEPT. Through space effects, NOE. Dynamic NMR: exchange phenomena. 2D-NMR: homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation. Solid state NMR.

Mass Spectrometry: Principle and instrumentation, different modes of ionization and fragmentation, factors affecting fragmentation, types of ion analysis, analysis of selected compounds. Hyphenation techniques.

Chiroptical methods: optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), circular dichroism (CD), related empirical and semi-empirical rules for determining the chirality of the organic molecules.